Non-equilibrium Dynamics and Transport

Non-equilibrium Quantum Dynamics and Transport

The study of closed quantum systems out-of-equilibrium, with or without disorder, opens the door to new and exciting conceptual questions about dynamics, thermalization, universality and dynamical phase transitions beyond traditional condensed matter paradigms. In addition to being theoretically appealing, these questions are strongly motivated by the rapid progress in ultra-cold atomic, molecular, and trapped ion systems that offer promising experimental platforms to investigate the dynamics of closed quantum systems. More generally, recent experimental advances in ultrafast optics and pump-probe spectroscopy, solid-state qubits, ultracold gases or quantum nanostructures have opened up exciting avenues for non-equilibrium quantum physics, with many open questions such as quantum transport beyond linear-response or the existence of novel dynamical phases of matter with no equilibrium counterparts. A central theme in my research is studying the non-equilibrium dynamics of low-dimensional strongly-correlated quantum systems, with some emphasis on entanglement spreading, quantum quenches, hydrodynamics and far-from-equilibrium transport.

Review articles:

Periodically driven (Floquet) quantum systems 

Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in understanding the dynamics of periodically driven (Floquet) systems. Low dimensional quantum critical systems are a natural setting in which to study Floquet dynamics, as many insights into the non-equilibrium dynamics of many-body systems have come from the study of Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) in 1+1d. Despite the naive expectation that such gapless systems should absorb energy and simply heat up when subjected to a boundary drive, we have identified distinct regimes in which the system shows universal features that can be understood using tools of field theory and scaling theory. Recently, I also studied the dynamical phase transitions separating distinct Floquet phases of matter by developing novel renormalization group techniques. We proposed a general picture of “Floquet quantum criticality” in terms of a distinct type of domain wall associated with time translational symmetry-breaking. Even more recently, we also uncovered a new class of “Thouless pumps” in interacting, translation-invariant Floquet systems, that are intrinsically-Floquet integrable systems with chiral (topologically non-trivial) quasiparticles.

Anomalous transport in one-dimensional quantum magnets 

The XXZ model is a canonical model of quantum magnetism. In one dimension, this model is integrable and has ballistically moving quasiparticles. Thus, energy spreads ballistically, but, surprisingly, spin transport can be diffusive or superdiffusive. In collaboration with Sarang Gopalakrishnan, my group has worked on the theory of this anomalous transport using a kinetic picture based on generalized hydrodynamics and fluctuations. We computed the diffusion constant of the XXZ chain in the gapped regime at infinite temperature, and provided the first theoretical explanation for the anomalous dynamical exponent z=3/2 at the isotropic point — reminiscent of the KPZ (Kardar–Parisi–Zhang) universality class. As we showed recently, superdiffusive transport can be explained by the emergence of “soft” classical solitons and proposed a nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamic theory for this KPZ scaling. We also studied spin transport in the presence of a small magnetic field, and uncovered a dynamical phase transition in this model, with a “phase” characterized by anomalous local spin relaxation. In easy-plane XXZ spin chains, we found that the spin conductivity diverges at low frequencies, but for special “commensurate” parameters it has a finite limit. These results explain longstanding puzzles regarding the discontinuous parameter dependence of the dc response. Superdiffusive transport is “superuniversal” in integrable systems with non-Abelian symmetries, and also occurs in the Hubbard model. This KPZ scaling was recently observed in neutron scattering experiments and in optical lattice Hubbard emulators.

Hydrodynamics of weak integrability breaking
Integrable systems have infinitely many conserved quantities, which spread ballistically in general. When integrability is broken, only a few of these conserved quantities survive. The remaining conserved quantities are generically transported diffusively. My group, together with S. Gopalakrishnan, has recently proposed a hydrodynamical framework to describe this crossover between generalized to conventional hydrodynamics in nearly integrable systems. We’ve also proposed a generalized relaxation time approximation that turned out to be remarkably accurate to capture the crossover between ballistic and diffusive hydrodynamics in strongly-interacting systems close to integrability. Recently, we applied this formalism to show that superdiffusion is surprisingly robust to integrability breaking perturbations that respect non-Abelian symmetries. For quantum spin chains with large anisotropy, breaking integrability can even lead to a long-lived subdiffusive regime, leading to a diffusive regime with a non-perturbative diffusion constant at long times.
Non-linear response  Most conventional experimental probes of many-body systems, from spectroscopy to transport, operate in the linear-response regime. Despite its many successes, linear response has its limitations as a probe of correlated quantum matter. For example, many different mechanisms — of varying levels of interest — give rise to incoherent spectral continua, and cannot be differentiated on the basis of linear-response data. Recently, various experimental probes of nonlinear response have been developed, including pump-probe spectroscopy and multidimensional coherent spectroscopy in condensed-matter settings. Despite a flurry of recent work, the theoretical toolbox for addressing nonlinear response in generic interacting quantum many-body systems is primitive, with few exact results beyond free theories and those that reduce to ensembles of two-level systems. We have been working on developing new hydrodynamic and semi-classical approaches to study non-linear response functions in quantum spin chains (Ising chains and Heisenberg magnets in particular).
Fluctuations and full counting statistics
The longtime dynamics of generic many- body quantum systems is expected to be effectively classical. Starting from a pure initial state, the local properties of chaotic systems quickly thermalize: the expectation value of local operators can be described by an effective Gibbs ensemble with spatially varying Lagrange multipliers such as temperature. The resulting evolution from local to global equilibrium is then described by the classical equations of hydrodynamics. However, the advent of quantum simulator platforms such as cold atoms, trapped ions or superconducting arrays has made it possible to measure not only local expectation values but also their full quantum statistics. Whether there exists an emergent classical description of such fluctuations in generic, chaotic many-body quantum systems is an open question. We have been exploring this question in both chaotic and integrable quantum systems, both on the theoretical side using tools from random quantum circuits, and in experimental collaborations using quantum microscopy.
Non-equilibrium steady-states and hydrodynamics 

Quantum integrable systems, such as the interacting Bose gas in one dimension and the XXZ quantum spin chain, have an extensive number of local conserved quantities that endow them with exotic thermalization and transport properties. We studied numerically and analytically non-equilibrium steady states in such systems involving ballistic heat and spin currents, and showed that in some cases, they can be described using an emergent thermodynamic description. We also provided a general solution (both numerically and analytically) of the “Bethe-Boltzmann” hydrodynamic equations that describe the evolution in time of integrable quantum systems from local to global equilibrium.  The solution of these kinetic equations allowed us to model experiments on ultracold one-dimensional Bose gases.

Quenching topological edge modes

Quantum quenches – the abrupt change of a control parameter in a quantum system – provide a useful way to study the non-equilibrium physics of quantum systems and reveal the existence of new phenomena (dynamical transitions, non-thermal steady-states, prethermalization etc.). We are interested in finding new ways to probe the protected edge modes of topological insulators and superconductors using local quantum quenches, as an alternative to usual transport-based methods. The peculiar nature of topological edges leads to a remarkably robust universal post-quench dynamics, with clear non-equilibrium signatures that could be accessed in optical absorption experiments. This applies in particular to Majorana zero modes that emerge in certain types of topological superconducting materials. We found that the peculiar nature of Majorana zero modes leads to signatures in the dynamics following a quantum quench that are completely universal and robust against details of the setup.

Local quantum quenches

The study of two one-dimensional systems connected by some sort of interaction has become paradigmatic in modern quantum physics. It plays a particularly important role in the context of local quenches, transport through quantum dots, and the dynamics of magnetic impurities. An essential feature of these systems is the existence of crossover scales, which play a role similar to the Kondo temperature in the Kondo problem, and qualitatively separate weak and strong coupling regimes. Using the underlying integrability of such quantum impurity systems, we proposed new analytical techniques to study this dynamical crossover in non-equilibrium setups.

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